When I visited the M. Graham factory in 2015, I learned some things about how oil paint is made. I also saw some color stability tests they had done comparing their walnut-oil-based colors to those of linseed-oil-based brands.
The results were surprising to me, making me consider for the first time that the expensive oil paint I was buying may not hold its true color over time. I mean, oil paint isn’t cheap, right? I had assumed that color stability was a given with professional-grade oils. (I suspect that many, many other artists assume the same thing.)
The test results I saw at the M. Graham factory made me realize that I needed to do some color testing of my own.
I first tested Titanium White. I compared walnut-oil-based M. Graham to a well-known linseed-oil-based brand. (Both are considered professional quality, not student-grade.)
The two whites looked identical when I laid down the swatches. However, after about two months I began to see significant yellowing of the linseed-oil-based white. It was alarming to me. In my work over the past several years, I’ve been exploring light-filled, close-value paintings that rely on subtle color and value shifts. The amount of color change I see in this test is worrisome, especially considering my high-key paintings. (See photos. NOTE: the screen you’re using to view this post will affect the way the colors look. I did my best to match the white balance between the photos.)
I began to read up on linseed oil and found that other artists online have done white tests with similar results. Some artists say that if you expose yellowed linseed-oil-based paint to direct sunlight, the paint will return to its original color. I set my test swatches in a sunbeam for a few hours and the yellowing did fade quite a bit. But M. Graham’s walnut-oil-based Titanium White still remained a truer white. And now after less than a month, the linseed-oil-based swatch is yellower again. Besides, direct sunlight is supposed to be harmful to artwork, right? Should we be expected to risk UV damage to our work in order to achieve truer colors? Doesn’t seem like a good idea to me.
After my white test, I started tests with several other colors. After 18 months I can tell from the photos I took when I began the tests that both brands of paint have lost some of their original intensity. But so far, I’m not seeing much yellowing in either brand. (See photos of my Cobalt Blue test.)
For now, I’d say that the most important color to be careful of is white. I know I will definitely avoid linseed-oil-based whites from now on.
Discovering all of this makes me thankful that I’ve been using mostly M. Graham & Co. oils for several years now. To be clear, I don’t get paid by M. Graham to say nice things about their paint. I just recognize the quality of what they produce and want to share my findings with you. In fact, I’ve recently begun testing color stability of a safflower-oil-based Titanium White from another brand. Safflower oil is also supposed to be non-yellowing. We’ll see.
I hope this post has encouraged all of you to pay attention to the supplies you purchase. Don’t assume that a high-priced brand of paint must be the best because it’s so expensive. Do some research for yourself. And if you decide to start doing your own color tests, a word to the wise: it’s kinda boring and takes a long time.
31 Responses
Stefan
Hi Dan,
great article about yellowing of oil paint. Do you consistently use the walnut/alkyd medium during painting? Since waltnut based oil paint have a prolonged drying time, what is your procedure due to drying time if you don’t use any mediums?
Best
Stef
Dan Schultz
Hi Stefan — good to hear from you. I haven’t bothered with the walnut/alkyd medium. The surfaces of my paintings dry in 4-7 days depending on paint thickness and seasonal temperature (faster drying in Summer, for example). That timeframe hasn’t been long enough for me to warrant using alkyd or other fast-dry mediums. However, if you add walnut oil to your paint while painting, you may experience longer drying times. I normally don’t add walnut oil while painting, only small amounts of odorless mineral spirits in the beginning stages of block-in.
I find that the longer drying time is actually an advantage for me since the walnut oil paint stays wet longer on my palette compared to linseed oil colors. I don’t have to throw out as much dry paint, especially if I keep the lid of my palette closed when not in use.
Simón Safos
Hello Dan, interesting information. Didn’t realize just how quickly linseed oil yellows!
Do you know if there are any downsides to adding siccatives to walnut oil (drops of cobalt dyer to a batch of walnut oil) in the long run? And I noticed you mentioned that you “…normally don’t add walnut oil while painting…” so for painting do you just revert to linseed? Curious because Im making oil paints using linseed oil for my deep dark earth pigments but was going to go with Walnut for the lighter pigments. When it comes time to paint with those colors I was curious what mediums might work well, not sure I’d like to wait 5ish days for a layer to dry when I’ve got a good daily momentum flowing on an artwork.
Thanks!
‘Simón
Dan Schultz
Hi Simón — since I almost always paint wet-into-wet, I don’t find that I need to add medium to my paint. I just add some mineral spirits (Gamsol) to my first mixtures of each painting, then am mostly using straight paint. I haven’t experimented much with fast-drying mediums, so I’m not sure about any downsides to what you mentioned. Perhaps M. Graham’s walnut/alkyd medium would speed drying for you? Might be worth a try.
Simón Safos
Ah I see, upon looking at your work (beautiful stuff btw!) I realized how that style of painting wouldn’t require you to make your paint any runnier, Thanks for the info! I love learning about alternative techniques used by artists, I almost always use a medium to paint with (strictly refined linseed oil, staying away from solvents considering my space) and would love to work on some out-of-the-tube sessions to see what that’s like.
I’ll be doing a lot of research before I make any decisions. Have a good one!
Sergio Lopez
Interesting. I guess I will use linseed oil for warm paintings, and reserve walnut oil for cool paintings. Thanks for the research!
Dan Schultz
Good idea, Sergio!
Liz Todd
Hi Dan,
First a note to say I have really appreciated these tutorials. Just a bit delayed in joining the discussion.
(We met in Mendocino, I’m loving my paintings). I’ve been using Gablin because I love the buttery texture.
But just took a second look at ingredients and see alkali refined linseed oil. I wonder if the alkali refining process helps with this issue. ?? I think a color test is in order.
best to you.
Dan Schultz
I sent you an email about your linseed oil question, Liz. Thanks for commenting!
Pat
perhaps you could share your response?
Dan Schultz
The brand I tested was made with alkali-refined linseed oil which yellowed in my tests. Titanium White showed the most yellowing, but the other colors I tested are showing slight darkening and some saturation loss over time, compared to the M. Graham & Co. brand of oil colors I tested. The M. Graham colors have stayed much truer to the original color laid down in the tests. I recommend at least avoiding linseed oil in the whites you purchase.
susan averre
Late to the convo but I have question: If I am allergic to tree nuts, am I OK subbing Safflower oil for Walnut oil in thinning the first layers of paint?
Scott Dienhart
Thank you for the info. My next tube of white will definitely be walnut oil based. I have been struggling to find a brand of white that agrees with my technique (or lack there of lol) .
Laura Brooks
Thank you very much
thank you for investigating this!
Dan Schultz
Glad you found the info helpful, Scott and Laura.
Grave
I’m late to this article but I wanted to thank you for doing the color tests. I’ve been using walnut oil for my whites and blues for years because I dread the yellowing of linseed. It’s good to see proof I’m not crazy. Thanks!
Dan Schultz
Glad to be of help!
Rik Hoddinott
Hi,
Yellowing of linseed oil based white paint may be caused by the painting being left to cure in too dark an environment.
A portrait painting that I left in a dark garage as a ‘safe’ place to dry showed this effect very clearly by becoming dull yellow in all the highlights within a couple of weeks.
As you mention it is supposed to be reversible by leaving the painting in bright sunlight, and I have found this to be true (I was living in Kentucky at the time so it was VERY bright sun) but the whitening was temporary, as the yellowing seems to gradually return.
I can only conclude that linseed oil whites need to be left to dry/cure in a well lit room.
Hope that this experience may help someone .. now I think I’m off to buy or make some walnut oil based paints.
Rik Hoddinott
Dan Schultz
Thanks for chiming in, Rik. My paintings always dry on a drying rack in my studio, which is lit at least 5 days a week. I think the yellowing is just a property of linseed oil over time regardless of whether the painting cures in the light or in the dark. Might be an interesting experiment to try sometime though….
Avery Maples
There is nothing like the personal testing of products to drive the information home. I would LOVE to know the name of the other brand. For the moment, linseed oil is off my list!!! Thank you so much for sharing what you learned.
Pat
Does this mean no one uses linseed oil for a medium? If so what does one use?
Dan Schultz
Hi Pat — many artists still use linseed oil as a medium. I’ve just been trying to spread the word that it yellows over time (which many already know). You can use walnut oil instead of linseed as a medium and it won’t yellow.
Lee Boren
how would one use graham titanium white (water soluble), to make a fluid white or liquid white paint using walnut oil?
Dan Schultz
I don’t know the answer to that, Lee. I’d suggest contacting M. Graham through their website and see if they can help.
Al Tin
Good info Dan.
Lee, I believe, for the water soluble paint, you just add more water till is thin enough after your liking. If for oil, you can make a medium yourself and use walnut oil instead of linseed oil. My favorite I use is: 1 part dammar varnish – 1 to 3 part turpentine (depending on how thin you want the paint to be or to apply “fat over lean”) and 1 part walnut oil.
G Simmons
According to tests on JustPaint, the differences in yellowing between linseed, safflower, walnut, and poppy are very small over longer periods of time. The results make it seem clear enough that linseed is the best choice, since it produces a tougher paint film.
Sabine
Hi Dan,
I painted some artwork with walnutoil – it DOES yellow a lot. Other oils do, too. There is no difference, I made a test. Really sad.
Dan Schultz
Hi Sabine — please share a link to photos of your test. We would all be interested to see your results. My tests show no yellowing so far after 7 years.
Eric Matthew
I live in the Andes, at 8000 feet elevation on the equator. This area of the world is the closest to the sun on our planet, the season is always spring 50 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit every day of the year and no more than 65% humidity. I tell you this to understand how I test oil paints for color permanence. I am testing 10 colors of my palette which I use frequently in addition to white paints. I use Rembrandt oils for 8 of them and Old Holland in 2 cases. I check the colors every 6 months. I will start sharing results in about 6 months.
Mel
Is it possible for you to share the names of the brands you tested via email? Would be much appreciated.
Dan Schultz
Just sent you an email, Mel.